Small Scale Production of Yogurt

SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION OF YOGURT Yogurt is a sour milk product. Its sour taste is attributed to the presence of lactic acid yielded by bacteria through fermentation. Bacteria that are commonly used in yoghurt production are Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. These bacteria have the ability to break down sugars in the milk producing lactate or lactic acid as by-product. Below is a step-by-step procedure in the production of yogurt. Find out from the procedure why yogurt has low fat content.Note: Practice aseptic technique. Wash hands before proceeding and wear lab gown, head cap, latex gloves and if necessary, facial mask to prevent unwanted contamination of the pre-yogurt mixture. Ingredients (good for one group) 1. 500 mL homogenized pasteurized milk (to be bought and brought as 1L pack good for two groups) to be provided: 2. 15 grams skim milk powder (SMP) 3. 50 grams refined sugar 4. 40 ml starter culture bacteria from natural yoghurt prepared as follows : % skim milk powder in distilled water, yoghurt or yakult, incubated at 43o to 46o for 3 to 4 hours till clotted Procedure 1. In a clean container, carefully transfer the milk and carefully dissolve the SMP and sugar. Cover with aluminum foil and heat the mixture at 90oC (water bath) for 10 minutes. 2. Cool down to 50oC in a bath of ice water. 3. Meanwhile shake the culture of the starter bacteria to free it from lumps and carefully add (inoculate) to the milk. Make sure that the temperature of the container is cool enough to touch.Mix to evenly distribute the starter culture. 5. Transfer the inoculated milk into the plastic container provided. Seal the lid with masking tape and label the container properly (group number, section and instructor). 6. Incubate the milk at 43oC to 46oC in an incubator overnight. At this point this will be taken cared of by the lab technicians and will be chilled at 4C thereafter. Reference: Davide, Clara L. 1996. Microbial Production of Yoghurt and Cheese . Training Seminar sponsored by PSM held at Ateneo de Manila, January 29-30.

Adolf Hitlers Rise To Power To Rule Germany History Essay

My address is about the life of a German corporal who fought in World War I, received 2 decorations, joined the German Worker ‘s Party, led it, and participated in World War II, as the leader of Germany. In other words, my address is about Adolf Hitler. Since none of us would be interested to be re-told the narrative of the second World War, I will concentrate chiefly on Hitler ‘s rise to power, which occurred between the 2 World Wars. I would wish to portion with you Hitler ‘s rise to power, from the terminal of World War I in 1919 boulder clay Hitler ‘s presidential term in 1934.Body:Even though World War I ended severely for Germany, which sustained terrible economic, military, and human losingss, Hitler remained in the German Army and served as a constabulary undercover agent whose mission was to infiltrate a little party called the German Worker ‘s Party. Harmonizing to Richard Bessel in his book â€Å" Nazism and War † , it was so when Hitler was interested and fascinated in the anti-semitic, anti-Marxist, and anti-capitalist thoughts that this party endorsed. As Hitler ‘s addresss grew more and more popular in the party assemblages, a founding member called Dietrich Eckhart found an involvement in Hitler. Hitler references him in his autobiography â€Å" My Struggle † as his wise man. Eckhart helped Hitler frock elegantly, charm people to fall in the cause, and run into of import people in the authorities In March 1920, as Hitler grew more and more popular, he took charge of the party and had it renamed to the National Socialist German Worker ‘s Party, and was later discharged from the armed forces, harmonizing to â€Å" The Hitler Book † . ( Passage: Now that we know how Hitler gained popularity truly fast, allow ‘s see how he used it to his advantage. ) In 1924, Hitler was fed up from the weak German authorities and attempted a putsch in Munich which he referred to as the Beer Putche in his 2nd book titled â€Å" The Secret Book † . His effort was foiled by the German military and Hitler was sentenced to 5 old ages of gaol. Ironically, the same adult male who caused to Jewish race murder got his sentence reduced to 9 months due to good behaviour, but Hitler learned his lesson. As his life on www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org stated, Hitler ‘s captivity â€Å" transformed him from an unqualified adventurer into a astute political tactician † . Subsequently in 1925, after Hitler besides managed to unban his party and recover authorization to give public addresss, he successfully brought more people to fall in the Nazi party. His oratory accomplishments helped him convey Left and Right flying motions together, and Hitler was ready to travel in the elections. In 1928, Hitler started by holding a mere 2 % of the ballots and 12 seats in the Reichstag. Then, he shifted his tactics ; Hitler won over the industrialists, the conservativists, and even the Army circles. And in 1930, he managed 18 % of the ballots with 107 seats. Two old ages subsequently, Hitler got 37 % of the ballots with 230 seats. ( Passage: Now that Hitler formed a successful party with over 200 seats in the Reichstag, allow us see his ultimate rise to power, the way to presidential term. ) Harmonizing to â€Å" The Hitler Book † , the Nazis started deriving cardinal places in the authorities, and Hitler was non satisfied. In 1933, President Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor. And as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Hitler helped the Nazi party by extinguishing its oppositions, by censoring the Communist Party of Germany and the Social Democratic Party, and subsequently by declaring the Nazi party as the lone legal party in Germany. Then in 1934, after President Hindenburg ‘s decease, Hitler assumed bid as the Leader and Chancellor of the Third Reich, holding 85 % of the ballots. After taking control politically, Hitler started coercing military leaders to vacate their stations merely to be filled by himself or other fellow Nazis so that all the state ‘s powers would be left in the custodies of one adult male, himself.Decision:In decision, even though Hitler had lifted the state from the economic depression it was enduring, he got greedier and took his power hungriness to a whole new degree, a war on all of Europe, which led him to a downward spiral bing him the war, the state, and his life. My intent was non merely to inform you of the inside informations of Hitler ‘s rise to power, but besides of the tactics behind that. How could one adult male addition so much power so fast? In his book â€Å" My Struggle † , Hitler said that the reply is in his power of persuasion by his inspiring addresss. His oratory accomplishments led the German people to swear him to run their state. If a adult male, who subsequently killed 1000000s of Jews, was elected president due to his unwritten accomplishments, what would people, possessing these same unwritten accomplishments, but with good purposes, subsequently do in life?

Come up with a plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Come up with a plan - Essay Example Establishing a high completion/proficiency percentage shows me that the students are progressing in knowledge because they are accomplishing the tasks assigned through differentiation. To accomplish this goal, I will first determine what students know about the unit of instruction before I begin to teach it. These diagnostic tests will show me where students should begin their studies. The class is stratified roughly into three categories (Above, At and Below Grade Level). I will anticipate the diagnostic test showing the strengths and weaknesses of students across these categories. Based on the results of the diagnostic, students will be allowed to self-select multiple learning activities that have been developed for their current level of understanding. Allowing students to self-select provides a level of intrinsic motivation that dictated assignments do not, especially for students that struggle to learn or who possess negative attitudes towards authority. Students working above g rade level will be provided with opportunities to conduct semi-guided research, interview individuals in the community that have strong links to a particular topic in the unit of study or attend to a project that deepens their understanding of the unit.

Diabete Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Diabete - Essay Example The patient is drowsy and the pulse rate is counted as 110. The respiration is fast at 25 deep and sighing breaths per minute, acetone on breath and keto-acidosis has been made. Type I diabetes can occur in patients of any age and is characterised by the inability of the pancreas to secrete the hormone insulin due to autoimmune destruction of the beta cells. It occurs in children quite abruptly, though new antibody tests have been developed to detect new onset adult form of type I diabetes mellitus known as LADA (latent Auto-immune Diabetes of Adults). What distinguishes them from other diabetic patients is the fact that if insulin is withdrawn, they develop ketosis and eventually ketoacidosis. Hence such patients are always dependent on exogenous insulin. Many of the pathophysiological disturbances in a patient with DKA can be measured by a clinician and should be monitored on a real-time basis throughout the course of the treatment. Attention to clinical laboratory data can help the clinician to track and prevent the onset of secondary lethal complications such as hypoglycemia and hyponatremia and hypokalemia. In the absence of insulin, the primary anabolic hormone, muscles and fats as well as the liver do not take up glucose. Counter regulatory hormones such as glucagons, GH and catecholamines enhance triglyceride breakdown into free fatty acids and gluconeogenesis causing an upshot in the level of serum glucose levels in DKA while there is no insulin. Betaoxidation of these free fatty acids then lead to increased ketone body formations. Metabolism in DKA shifts from the normal fed state to the fasting state characterised by fat metabolism. Secondary complications of primary metabolic derangement include an ensuing metabolic acidosis as ketone bodies deplete extra-cellular and cellular acid buffers. The hyperglycaemia induced osmotic diuresis depletes phosphates, potassium, sodium and water together with glucose and ketones. Most commonly, it depletes 10% of body water and 5mEq per kg of body mass of potassium. The total body potassium may be masked by acidosis by sustaining an increased serum potassium level. The levels can fall precipitously once the rehydration and insulin treatments start. Loss of ketoanions in urine with brisk diuresis and intact renal function may also lead to hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Frequency In the USA, DKA is seen in patients with type I diabetes. The incidence is grossly 2% patient years of diabetes and almost 3% of diabetes patients initially presenting with DKA. It can occur in type 2 diabetic patients as well though not as a rule. The mortality rate of DKA is nearly 2% per episode. Before the discovery of insulin in 1922, the mortality rate was almost 100 percent. Though patients less than 19 years of age are more prone to DKA, it can occur to a person of any age. History of patients and symptoms at presentation. Clinicians should look out for the classical symptoms of hyperglycemia such as thirst, polyuria, polydispisia and nocturia. Other symptoms include: Generalised weakness Lethargy Nausea Fatigue Decreased perspiration Confusion Increased appetite and Anorexia Clinicians should also be on the

UK General Elections Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

UK General Elections - Assignment Example Basically, this is achieved through awarding political freedom to all people as it is the main platform for the masses to express themselves. The values of liberal democracy are reflected in its basic system where continuous efforts are undertaken to see that no group enjoys special privileges in the society. The values of liberal democracy can therefore be found in a society which struggles to develop through talent and merit rather than rank, privilege and status. The values of liberal democracy are also seen in programmes and policies aimed at restricting the Government intervention in political, economic and moral matters of the citizens. To enrich a democracy with these values, the political system is generally supported by a written constitution which clearly defines the powers and responsibilities of the executive, judiciary and legislature (liberal democracy). Presently, the UK general elections are held as per the First Past the Post (FPTP) voting system. It is also known as plurality system, relative majority system or winner- take-all system. In this, a voter votes for a single candidate and the majority vote-getter among all the contesting candidates would be the winner in a particular constituency. For example, in a 1000-voter constituency, a candidate getting 4oo votes would be the winner if the other 3 contesting candidates receive 200 votes each. Though 400 out of 1000 votes is a clear minority, the number is higher than that of any of the other 3 candidates. It indicates that this system is endowed with the flaw of electing candidates / parties with minority vote, as the majority vote is divided among several contestants / parties. This is the most disadvantageous system but unfortunately most of the world democracies have been adopting this system for many years. This has brought embarrassment to the English in several elections including the 1983 general election in which Conservatives bagged 397 seats in the House of Commons with a minority vote (Hallowell, 2002, P 103). This situation has repeated in 2005 general elections too in the UK with the Labour party gaining power with a minority vote. The resulting disadvantage is that, though it is a representative government, majority voice is not heard in legislatures. This system has the capacity to curtail the political freedom of the majority of people, the basic ingredient of the liberal democracy. To put it the other way, the total number of seats gained by a particular party in the general elections would not be proportionate to the total number of votes received by it. 3 The alternative systems Preferential voting system There are some alternative systems too with regard to voting in a democracy. Let us discuss some of them. The preferential voting system is a method in which the voters are asked to express their preference of candidates in order of priority. In this, voters generally cast their votes by ranking the participating candidates in order of their priority. On the voting slip or card, the names of all candidates are printed and empty boxes are provided against each candidate. When there are 5 candidates, a voter provides rankings for all of them indicating 1,2,3,4 and 5 depending on his/her preference. Most

Coca-Cola India Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Coca-Cola India - Case Study Example The company's re-entry into the Indian market was through a strategic alliance with Parle Exports which was owned by Ramesh Chauhan (ICFAI Center for Management Research (ICMR)). Parle Exports entered the soft drinks market in late 1970s and this was the time when the government pressures forced Coca-Cola to exit the Indian market. Through the strategic alliance, Coca-Cola India gained the ownership of 5 popular brands of Parle Exports namely Thums Up, Limca, Maaza, Citra and Gold Spot with a market share of around 60%, and a well established network of 56 bottlers. All these five brands were the leading and most popular soft drink brands which were initially owned by Parle and later take over by CCI. Coca-Cola India wanted to tap the vast rural market of India. The company did so by creating a tag line which almost every common man of India is well versed with - "Thanda Matlab Coca-Cola." As part of this initiative to tap rural India, in the year 2002, Coca-Cola India launched a new advertising campaign featuring leading Bollywood star Aamir Khan with the above mentioned tag line. The advertisement was targeted at rural and semi-urban consumers. According the sources from inside the company, the idea was to position Coca-Cola as a generic brand for cool drinks and at the same time also to support CCI's rural marketing initiatives. The company seriously started focusing on the rural market in the early 2000s with an aim to increase sales volumes. This decision was nothing to get surprised about if the huge untapped rural Indian market was looked at. Nevertheless, it is a fact that the real market in India is in the rural areas and if any company can tap it in the right way, there is a tremendous potential (Carratu). "The company's strategy to tap the rural market was based on three A's - Availability, Affordability and Acceptability. The first 'A' - Availability emphasized on the availability of the product to the customer; the second 'A' - Affordability focused on the pricing of the product, and third 'A' - Acceptability focused on convincing the customer to buy the product (Research) (ICFAI Center for Management Research)." After entering the rural market in India, CCI focused on strengthening its distribution network there. The company realized that the centralized distribution system used by the company in the urban areas would not be suitable for rural areas. In the centralized distribution system, the product was transported directly from the bottling plants to retailers, but the company realized that this kind of distribution system would not be effective in rural markets as the transportation of stocks directly from bottling plants to retail stores would be very costly due to the long distances that need to be covered. The other alternative that the company looked at was a hub and spoke distribution system. "Under this kind of system, stock used to get transported from the bottling plants to hubs and then from hubs, the stock was transported to spokes which were situated in small towns. These spokes in turn fed the retailers catering to the demand in rural areas. Apart from changing the distribut ion model, the company also

Under what circumstances is genocide most likely to occur Can Essay

Under what circumstances is genocide most likely to occur Can recognition of these circumstances help us prevent genocidal acts - Essay Example Likewise, the perpetrator’s definition of the group is necessary for establishing a specific intent. It also distinguishes genocide from other heinous crimes or justified acts such as a pre-emptive strike.3 This definition of genocide is significant because it informs of the broader characteristics of genocide and guides theoretical approaches to recognizing the instances in which genocide is most likely to occur and therefore provides a means by which genocide can be predicted and prevented. This paper provides a critical analysis of these theories and argues that history instructs however, that genocide is largely incapable of qualification and as such it is unpredictable and most likely unpreventable. If history is any indication, genocide typically occurs during war. However, it does not occur during all wars. Therefore differentiating what kind of war or what wars are consistent with the propensity to commit genocide is futile. A. Historical Overview of Genocide Mamdaniâ €™s brief history of genocide distinguishes genocide from the systematic killing of an enemy. In 1994 Rwanda, the military and its supporters orchestrated the mass murder by Rwandan Hutu majority of Rwandan Tutsi minority. Non-conforming Hutus were also killed. The difference is, Hutus were killed as enemies, whereas the Tutsi were killed simply because they were Tutsi.4 Mamdani also suggests that â€Å"the genocidal impulse may be as old as organized power† and while â€Å"the impulse to destroy an enemy is ancient, the technology of genocide is constantly evolving†.5 Looked at in this way, it is difficult to predict genocide. If genocide is an impulse in much the same way as the impulse to kill one’s enemies, genocide like any act of violence is difficult to predict and just as difficult to prevent. History bears this out. Genocide is not specific to any particular location, politics, economy, race, ethnicity or gender. While there are specific themes such as ethnicity there are other themes that are far more subtle such as the influence of outsiders. Moreover, genocide has occurred on virtually every continent. The best explanation is that genocide is a result of â€Å"the conjunction of influences and actions widely present in the world.†6 Nsereko informs that, â€Å"the history of human race abounds with episodes of genocide.†7 Historically, genocide has been for the most part conducted during the course of a war. Evidence of this trend goes back to the Bible. In more recent times, the Nazis committed the holocaust executions during the Second World War. Other genocidal acts in the last century occurred in Turkey, Vietnam, Pakistan, Nigeria, Rwanda, Burundi, Iraq, Bosnia Herzegovina and Zaire.8 History also informs that genocide was not prevented by international customary law. Crowe informs that not only is genocide â€Å"as old as history†, but so are norms, standards and laws regulating standards of conduct during conflict.9 In 1943, the Allied Powers adopted a charter establishing the war tribunal for trying the Nazis for their war crimes. Some of the charges included genocide.10 On December 11 1946 the UN’s General Assembly adopted Resolution 96(I) in which genocide was characterized as a crime pursuant to international law. The Resolution also instructed the Economic and Social Council to draft a genocide convention.11 Two years later the UN’

ESPANOL PARA NEGOCIOS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

ESPANOL PARA NEGOCIOS - Essay Example El Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio fue creado con el objetivo de eliminar barreras que afecten el comercio. El nà ºmero de paà ­ses fue crecido hasta llegar a noventa y seis. Muchos paà ­ses de las Amà ©ricas fueron miembros. Este tratado terminà ³ y empezà ³ en su lugar la Organizacià ³n Mundial de Comercio (OMC) en 1995. Han sido otros tratados entre los paà ­ses de Amà ©rica Latina. El Mercado Comà ºn del Sur (MERCOSUR) fue creado en 1991 entre Argentina, Brasil, Uruguay y Paraguay. El tratado de Asuncià ³n tiene por objetivo promover el movimiento de bienes, personas y capital. A partir del 4 de julio de 2006 Venezuela se alià ³ con los otros paà ­ses. Ya Bolivia, Chile, Perà º, Colombia y Ecuador son estados miembros asociados. El Mercado Comà ºn del Sur ha causado muchos beneficios a los paà ­ses participantes. Desde 1990 se aumenta mucho el comercio de los paà ­ses. Tienen la oportunidad de producir la diversificacià ³n en los productos y las relaciones comerciales. En aà ±os pasados cuando, por ejemplo, Brasil tenà ­a relaciones comerciales con la Unià ³n Europea no tenà ­a la obligacià ³n de importar bienes y servicios con los paà ­ses sudamericanos. Aparte de las razones economà ­as el mercado tambià ©n tiene beneficios sociales. Permite la integracià ³n de expresiones artà ­sticas y comparten actividades culturales e histà ³ricas. Uno de los desafà ­os del Mercado Comà ºn del Sur es el nivel de los avances en el à ¡rea cientà ­fico y tecnolà ³gico. Tambià ©n el sistema de productividad es diferente en cada paà ­s como los servicios y la infraestructura. Se presenta una fluctuacià ³n entre las industrias diferentes. No hay mucha seguridad entre las zonas fronterizas. Los paà ­ses tienen que tomar medidas para reducir la ocurrencia de contrabandos. La Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN) estaba formada por Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perà º y Venezuela en 1997. Este acuerdo se inicià ³ cuando se firmà ³ el Pacto Andino en 1969.

Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Public Relations - Essay Example This paper will explain societal and organizational functions of PR, citing an example of an issue from an organization. It will further explain how the example used would be addressed both on societal and organizational levels. American Apparel is a youth attire brand in the United States that employs the services of professional designers, marketers and managers. Being among the top homegrown brands, the organization betrayed the loyalty of their customers as well as its corporate responsibility by taking advantage of a disaster and using it to market its products. During the event of Hurricane Sandy, the organization sent an email blast encouraging retailers to shop online within a 36-hour period and get a 20 percent discount. The marketing effort turned into an insult when it suggested that the customers were bored after being trapped in their homes by the hurricane, hence it was offering an escape from boredom. The PR officials had done a poor job in their social functions, beca use property and life had been destroyed, with millions of the trapped victims left without electrical power to even get online, yet no apology was offered for the offensive email blast. Societal functions of PR stipulate that public opinion about an organization must be gauged by analyzing what appears online, on the air and in print (Broom, Allen & Scott, 1994). The PR officials should issue press releases on company news, communicate with journalists on industry trends and establish the organization as a responsible player in the industry. Reputation should also be managed online through interactions with prospects and existing customers via social media websites. Conversations should be created by posting updates, responding and commenting to questions or complaints. Despite knowledge of these responsibilities, the marketing director and PR manager at American Apparel did not respond to the huge public outcry about their poor choice of marketing strategy. Customers responded to the email claiming never to visit the stores again, and urging whoever came across the email to spread the same word. This could have devastating effects on the existence of the organization. Innocent employees who had nothing to do with the posting of the email will be traumatized by the comments being made about the organization as a whole, with a negative impact on performance. Those with friends and relatives that were victims of the hurricane may be affected more. If the customers carry out their threats of never visiting the stores again, shutting down would be inevitable. Within the society, the organization would be viewed as being very socially irresponsible. At a time when everyone expects them to join in salvaging a disaster affecting the most critical element of stakeholders, the customers, the firm uses it to market. Organizational functions of PR require the PR manager to share the organizational goals and vision with their internal audience, which includes shareholder s and employees, and seek their feedback (Broom, Allen & Scott, 1994). Open communication increases shareholder satisfaction and employee engagement through uniting an organization in its quest of collective goals via a common identity. Crises can be managed by preparing and sharing response strategies in advance and updating shareholders and

Christian Perspective on Counseling Essay Example for Free

Christian Perspective on Counseling Essay This is a personal theory paper which focuses on the Christian perspective; it involves the integration of faith and scripture into the personal counseling process. It discusses personality structures, individual differences and the motivations that guide and push the human person. Included is a contextual definition of health and the factors that cause illness. They are understood by using psychological techniques in concurrence with Biblical truths. Employing a theological worldview for counseling helps a therapist’s awareness of the innermost complexities of a client and enables them to be an effective guide towards the path of hope and healing. Introduction Counseling is centrally and critically a relationship between people who care (Crabb, 1977). It is essential that a psychotherapist develop a genuine desire for the well-being of a client. This is an ideal arrangement for which a Christian counselor can flourish, because â€Å"Every Christian is called to a ministry of encouraging and helping others (Crabb, 1977)†. Although an atmosphere of caring and encouragement is not limited to Christians it is ideal to integrate psychology and Christian spirituality to most effectively aid clients. Personality Personality structure and components There are many theories involving the structure of the human personality. One is the theory presented by Dr. Ron E. Hawkins (2006a). In this theory, Dr. Hawkins likens each individual to many concentric circles. Every circle is affected by the other circles but every one has its own distinctive characteristics. This structure can best elucidate the complexities that exist inside an individual. The boundaries between circles can help determine the source of each dilemma and each circle provides a different approach to problem-solving. The first circle is the innermost circle of a person and encapsulates the very essence of being human. It is in this most personal circle that the Holy Spirit inhabits within each believer, as supported by the biblical quote â€Å"The kingdom of God is within you† (Luke 17:21). Also included in this circle are the options of free-will and the concept of original sin. The original sin is common to all human beings as maintained by Paul when he writes his letter to the Romans and utters, â€Å"for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God† (Romans 3:23). It must be noted that outside of issues involving deliverance, there is not much that can be dealt with in this circle by human intervention. Instead, if a problem really reverberates from this circle it must be surrendered in strong faith to the hands of God. The next circle encloses the soul, feeling, and cognitive aspects of the human being. For most clients looking for counseling, this is the circle that receives the most focus. It is in this circle that emotional and psychological troubles not originating from biological sources resonate. The next circle in this theory of personality makeup is the biological circle. This circle consists of the biological processes and focuses on the wellness of the physical human body. Problems in this circle include chemical imbalance which is the failure to normalize the chemicals in the brain, resulting in problems like obsession, anxiety, panic attacks, paranoia, and insomnia. Problems in this circle are more likely to have physical sources, like physical trauma or abuse. The next circle is another prevailing source of problems dealt with in counseling. The temporal circle, it is the beginning of external focused aspects. In this circle, external environmental structures like society and culture have a significant influence on the individual. Societal values and cultural expectations will always have an impact on personality development. Society, friends, family, and church are examples of the temporal systems that must be dealt with when counseling people. Learning who the client is responsible to and what he is responsible for is essential to developing personal responsibility (Cloud Townsend, 1992). Additionally, the influences of the client’s family system are dealt with in this circle. The Bible supports this, â€Å"fathers, do not exasperate your children; instead bring them up in the training and instruction of the Lord† (Ephesians 6:4). Many problems can be rooted from the effects of family and environment The final circle of the human personality structure is the circle of the supernatural. This includes the archetypal epic struggle between good and evil, demons and angels. Despite this concept it is important to keep in mind that â€Å"our struggle is not against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the powers of this dark world and against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly realms† (Ephesians 6:12). The Bible states that demonic power is a real and it would be imprudent to disregard its potential. Spiritual forces have a great impact on personality development and it cannot be excluded from the growth process Motivation There are five basic propositions about motivation: [1] human beings are all motivated to seek our needs, [2] motivational energy is channeled through the mind and results in specific behavior, [3] motivated behavior is always directed towards a goal, [4] when a goal is perceived to be impossible a state of disequilibrium exists, and finally, [5] all behavior is motivated and all behavior makes sense (Crabb, 1986). Motivation is a drive toward security and significance, with these thoughts in mind, Dr. Crabb details that the definitive goal of counseling is to â€Å"free people to better worship and serve God by helping them become more like the Lord† (1977). Individual differences In counseling, the level of maturity of each client must be assessed. Individuals are in the process of ‘moving over’ and ‘moving up’, clients differ in as to where they are in the process of dealing with presenting problems in a manner consistent with scripture and developing a Christ-like character (Crabb, 1977). Perhaps the most important reason that accounts for individual differences is that God provided free will to His creation. This free will makes each person unique and not merely a puppet with predetermined actions. Alteration of procedure used in counseling is necessary when dealing with different types of people. Some clients should be approached in a feeling level while others should be led spiritually. Cognitive based personalities are best dealt with on the thinking level and those suffering from physical disabilities are helped first with their tangible needs (Hawkins, 2006). Health A contextual explanation of health All counselors should want their clients to become healthy. According to McMinn (1996), the three factors that determine health are: accurate awareness of self, accurate awareness of needs and involvement in healthy relationships. Basing self-worth on the word of God is an effective strategy; to be able to create a self-image based on the unconditional love of Christ is a helpful direction for people who are injured in the different psychological aspects of their lives. McGee (1992) states, â€Å"changing our beliefs from false beliefs to the truths of God’s Word will assist us in experiencing more appropriate emotions and thereby will change the way we respond†. Helping clients to become more Christ-like in seeking self-worth and happiness is the goal of Christian counseling. A contextual explanation of illness The sources of illness are biological, cognitive, emotional and spiritual. Biological are often the easiest to identify they have physical signs that can be studied. Biological illnesses include physical sickness, chemical imbalances, and traumatic abuse. Typically, biological problems can be treated with medications or removal of the source of problem. For instance, physical trauma caused by an abusive husband involves treatment wherein the first step is to remove the victim from the abusive relationship. The cognitive aspect is the area of focus for most counseling therapies. Many problems that counselors must contend with relate to cognitive disorders, including depression, anxiety, guilt, and fear. The illnesses with a cognitive source are of critical concern as they are often more difficult to treat than biological illnesses. Emotional causes must also be considered. Sandra Wilson’s (2001) mantra of Hurt People Hurt People explains how emotional damage begets more emotional damage. Out of wounded emotions, people repeat the same torture to those they are closest to. Finally, illnesses can also be of a spiritual character. In order to be successful and productive counselors â€Å"we have to learn to distinguish between organic or psychological mental illness and a spiritual battle for the mind,† (Anderson, 2000). Spiritual illnesses stem from sin, a lack of faith, and destructive influences. Anderson (2000) advises, â€Å"Don’t think Satan is no longer interested in manipulating your mind in order to accomplish his purposes. Satan’s perpetual aim is to infiltrate your thoughts with his thoughts and to promote his lie in the face of God’s truth. He knows that if he can control you thoughts, he can control your life† Therapeutic Involvement Techniques, methods The Bible provides excellent guidance in various aspects of life; it is an excellent source for every Christian counselor. Accordingly, â€Å"all Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness† (2 Timothy 3:16-17). In a helping relationship, techniques are used to help the client reach the point of change. One approach that Christian counselors should not be without is prayer. Craigie and Tan (as cited in McMinn, 1996) write, â€Å"Indeed, praying with clients that they may be liberated from resistant misbeliefs, that they may be empowered to do the truth, and that they may come into a deeper relationship with the truth can sometimes be a most powerful experience†. The use of scripture in therapy sessions is useful in integrating God’s Truths to a client’s mindset. The use of the technique miracle question is helpful; this is a method of questioning which begins by helping the client imagine a situation wherein, overnight, a miracle happens that solves all their familial problems. The client has to define what differences they would observe to prove that a miracle had taken place. This is vital in making the client realize how vastly improved their relationships will be when the problems are resolved and defines the goal they aim to achieve. The method of Scaling questions is another tool used to rate the client’s current state, with zero/one being the most ideal and ten being the worst, this facilitates the therapist in identifying factors that prevents them from moving up the scale and recognizes what pushes them down. This is helpful in shifting the client’s focus from problems to solutions. The goal of therapy is promoting a high level of self-worth; the therapist must introduce genuineness into the environment by omitting shame from the process. This can be supplemented with compliments and positive encouragement by vocalizing admirable traits; it is a helpful exercise that generates an atmosphere of goodwill more conducive to problem solving. Hawkins (2006b) identifies the first in counseling step as own having an understanding of the real problem. Then, he goes on to reality testing. From there, a plan of action is formulated and the client is occupied with taking tenure to this plan of action and accepting accountability for its conclusion. Lastly, the counselor helps in building support and responsibility into the process of transformation concerning the client. A good cognitive counseling approach is to focus on the inner-voice and truth. The inner-voice is often constructed as a direct result of the temporal and supernatural circles in which an individual develops. In destructive or less-than-ideal relationships, the individual can develop spiteful and untruthful concepts about themselves which are constantly conveyed by the inner-voice. An understanding of truthful reality, often combating the untrue inner-voice, is critical for change. As Dr. Backus and Dr. Chapian explain, â€Å"locating and identifying pain-causing fabrications plus learning the factual reality-based truth† is therapeutic and critical for healing (2000). Expectations in success Counselors can measure success of counseling by evaluating the client’s progress in the accurate awareness of self or needs and by determining if they are participating in healing relationships (McMinn, 1996). McMinn’s affirms that, â€Å"A more careful look suggests that spiritual and psychological health require a confident sense of self, an awareness of human need, and limitations, and confiding interpersonal relationships with God and others† (1996). Real success in psychotherapy is measured by advancement not perfection. Worldview Dimensions Every individual possesses a worldview whether or not they recognize it. For example, the temporal system an individual develops in will have significant impacts on the individual’s worldview. Someone who was raised in a war torn environment with rampant violence and lawlessness will have a different set of moral code than a person is raised in a secure and peaceable community. These worldviews affect the progress in counseling; worldviews differ from person to person and may include science, perception or the Bible. It is imperative for the Christian counselor to have a broad perception of what his/her worldview consists of. The Biblical worldview filters pertinent information through the sieve of God’s Word. Since all issues are not addressed in Scripture, to sift means to see if the issue lines up with God’s Word (Collins, 2001). Uniting psychology, spirituality, and theology encompasses all the components of human behavior necessary to assess functioning (McMinn, 1996). Conclusion The integration of spirituality and theological scriptures to counseling provides a panoramic view of how psychotherapy can progress. The Bible must be used as a reference in choosing ideologies, techniques or processes to integrate in a personal theory. The use of solutions-based therapy, also referred to as solution focused therapy or brief therapy, is a type of talking therapy that is based upon social constructionist philosophy. It includes miracle and scaling questions. It focuses on what clients want to achieve through therapy. The approach focuses on the present and hopes for future, because as Dr. Worthington explains, â€Å"hope provides the motivation to work† (1999). Cognitive therapy can be used most effectively in Christian counseling because the cognitive approach is imperative in changing the client’s self-awareness by challenging negative thoughts and untruths. Cognitive therapy helps unchain the client from unrealistic expectations by perceiving and revising the pointless difficulties they place on themselves. Understanding the components of human personality through the theory of concentric circles is important in developing a complete strategy for helping individuals change. Recognition of an integrated model that considers the scripture of Christian teachings is a potent tool in wrestling against the dysfunction residing in a client’s life. Resources Anderson, N. (2000). The bondage breaker. Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers. Backus, William and Chapian, Marie. (2000). Telling yourself the truth. Bloomington, MN: Bethany House Publishers Cloud, H. Townsend, J. (1992). Boundaries: When to say yes when to say no to take control of your life. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Collins, G. (2001). The Biblical basis of Christian counseling for people helpers. Colorado Springs, CO: NavPress Publishing Group. Crabb, Larry. (1977). Effective biblical counseling: A model for helping caring Christians become capable counselors. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Hawkins, Ron E. (Speaker). (2006). Model for guiding the counseling process. Lynchburg, VA: Liberty University. Hawkins, R. E. (Producer). (2006b). Grid for tracking process [Motion picture]. (Available from Liberty university, 1971 University Boulevard, Lynchburg, VA 24502) Worthington, Everett L. (1999). Hope-focussed marriage counseling. Downer’s Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press Greece. McGee, R. (1992). Search for significance: Build your self worth on the forgiveness and unconditional love of Jesus Christ. Nashville, TN: LifeWay Press. McMinn, M. (1996). Psychology, theology and spirituality in Christian counseling. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. Wilson, S. (2001). Hurt people hurt people: Hope and healing for yourself and your relationships. Grand Rapids, MI: Discovery House Publishers.

People Living With Hiv Health And Social Care Essay

People Living With Hiv Health And Social Care Essay HIV/AIDS is one of the most challenges to human life and dignity. It affects all levels of the society and has a massive impact on global economic and social development, (Rowden, 2009). Studies have been conducted on its impact on human life and how it could be controlled. This review was conducted by visiting a number of websites of different publishers and organisations for published articles on HIV/AIDS and stigma. Literature covering a period of 8 years from 2002-2010 was extracted from Assia, PubMed, Sage, British Medical Journal, Cochrane and Absco-host. However due to the topic in question, literature from most recent articles would have been preferred. The term HIV/AIDS stigma was used to capture a wide range of articles covering all areas of the globe. Abstracts from twenty studies were reviewed for the study, objectives, methodology and key findings. Twelve studies covering different locations of the world were chosen. Relevant documents and reports from other organisation s such as UNAIDS, WHO and the World Bank were also reviewed. Both qualitative and quantitative data was used to present the information. Due to the challenges presented by HIV/AIDS to global public health, Baum. (2008:241) calls for collective participation of all sectors in the fight against this deadly disease. Baum emphasises on the collective participation between the lay people and the health structures as key to success. This is further supported by Farmer, (1999), who does not condone the dominance of the biomedical perspective in health and healing. He believes that lay people have a significant role in the process of health improvements and emphasises on the importance of listening to, and understanding the lay peoples experiences of ill-health and how it is affected by their daily lives. Goffman, (1963), and Parker and Aggleton, (2003),s theories of stigma help us to understand how stigma is constructed and its influence in peoples lives. They view stigma and discrimination as functional systems which maintain boundaries between those in power and those without. Through such power, social inequalities are developed leading to creation of social norms. These formulate stigma by governing interactions between people and reinforce power structures that serve to isolate those that are regarded as outsiders, ( ). Both theories have been widely used in HIV related stigma to highlight how the prejudice, negative attitudes, abuse and maltreatment directed towards people living with HIV/AIDS have hindered the progress of prevention and treatment. Findings from the studies highlight the significance of lay people for prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS to be effective. In Tanzania, the study unveiled some discriminatory and stigmatised practices such as gossiping about patients HIVs status, neglect, verbal abuse, testing and disclosing HIVs status without consent, (Tanzanias Stigma Indicators Field Test Group, 2005). Similarly in India, health workers were disclosing patients HIV status to their families without the patients consent, (Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 2007). Harassment, avoiding and isolation of HIV-positive patients and testing without counselling are common features of stigmatisation in most studies. Findings showed that stigma and discrimination in health care settings contribute a great deal in keeping people away from accessing HIV/AIDS treatment and care, therefore compromising their health and wellbeing. Patients felt greatly affected by the health workers feeling uncomfortable with them and treat ing them in an inferior manner. Some health workers wore protective clothing even if there was no physical contact during interactions. This affected peoples willingness to access the services despite it being vital to their health. The fear of being identified as infected with HIV was one of the reasons why some people prolonged testing for HIV even though they had the symptoms and only accessed services when their illness was at an advanced stage, (Bond, Aggleton, 2002, Human Resources of Health, 2007, Kinsler et al, 2007, Varga, Sherman, Jones, 2006, Kalichman, Simbayi, 2003). In Zambia, HIV-positive health workers were hiding their HIV status from their colleagues in fear of being stigmatised, (Dieleman et al, 2007). Experienced and perceived stigma and discrimination revealed by the studies have severe influence on people living with HIV/AIDS access to health services. While most of the literature on HIV/AIDS and stigma and access to health services is negative, research also highlights increasing evidence of the value of supportive and de-stigmatising HIV services in some parts of the globe. Brazil has been viewed favourably by people living with HIV/AIDS. The lay people reported supportive inclusive structural systems that create healthy environments for all. The success story of Brazils effective HIV/AIDS and stigma prevention and control is attributed to active participation of different groups in the society and the Brazilian government, (Caltado, 2008). Another success of collective efforts of the lay people and the health structures has been noted in South Africa where most people believe in traditional healing. Aids Activism in South has made a positive significance in HIV/AIDS preventing and treatment by translating and mediating the biomedical approach within local ideological frameworks which are easily understood and acted on by the loc als, (Colvin, Robins, 2010). From the research findings it is clear that collaboration between the lay people and the biomedical approach to healing is essential for successful control of HIV/AIDS and stigma. There is no cure for AIDS but Anti-retrovirals (ARVs) can prolong life by keeping the level of HIV in the body at low levels therefore delaying the process between HIV and AIDS, (Robin, 2009). While ARVs are now readily available in most countries, concerns are mostly centred on the rising numbers of newly infected people. According to the World Bank, 60 million people are living with HIV/AIDS worldwide. Access to treatment has increased dramatically but for every 100 people on treatment, 250 become newly infected, (www.worldbank.org/EOL81VLA20 ). For this reason, pressure in now rising on the effectiveness of only relying on the biomedical approach as a concept of health and healing HIV/AIDS. Diseases such as HIV/AIDS need to be tackled using both the biomedical approach and the lay perspective for prevent ion and treatment to be effective. The shortfall of the biomedical approach to treatment lies on its focus that is restricted to the physical illness of an individuals body and the scientific understanding of disease therefore making the approach heavily based on pharmacology. While pharmacology is beneficial in the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS, it benefits the pharmaceutical industry which has also been critiqued as hindering the progress on controlling HIV/AIDS. Pharmacology further promotes the privilege of the biomedical model which may be inappropriate to the communities and create feelings of helplessness and vulnerability. This may contribute to the undermining of alternative approaches to treatment and prevention, (Global Health Watch, 2008, Rowden, 2009, Farmer, 1999). Such interventions are not successful in nations who believe in indigenous forms of healing, for example the dependency on traditional healing in Africa. The lay approaches to healing are effective because they are embedded within local social and cultural structures, but as with HIV/AIDS care, this cannot be confirmed as true. Unlike in the biomedical approach, indigenous approaches seek to heal the whole person by linking the illness with the persons social and economic background. In South Africa, despite people heavily relying on traditional healing approaches, the HIV prevalence continued to rise. Significance towards effective control of the epidemic has been noted with the increase in accessibility of ARVs, (Colvin, 2009). In the UNAIDS report on global AIDS epidemic 2010, in 7 countries, five of them in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, HIV incidences increased by more than 25% between 2001 and 2009. Sub Saharan Africa, although still remaining the most highly affected by the epidemic, figures either stabilised or showed signs of decline owing to positive behaviour due to increased services that are embedded in local culture. T he report affirms that stigma and discrimination, lack of access to services and bad laws can make the epidemic worse, (www.unaids.org/globalreport/Global_report.htm). The attribute to increased incidences in Europe and Central Asia could be on the countries reliability only on the biomedical model of healing. Baum, (2008) asserts that community level mobilisation where there is partnership between the lay people and structures is the effective way of combating HIV/AIDS and stigma. Active participation of lay people will not only promote individual level responses to dealing with the stigma, access to care and preventing of HIV/AIDS but could also go a long way in improving global public health, (Parker and Aggleton, 2003). Improving health care services and making them accessible to people living with HIV/AIDS without fear of being stigmatised, educating health care professionals about the impact of stigma on patients and policies that encourage inclusion of people living with HIV/AIDS in decisions that affect their lives are some of the key factors of effectively tackling the epidemic, (Farmer, 1990:90). Advocacy is another way lay people engaged to improve the relationship between health structures and people living HIV/AIDS. The Greater Involvement of People Living with HIV/AIDS, (GIPA), formally adopted as a principle at an AIDS Summit in 1994 emphasises the need for involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS at all levels in the fight against the disease. According to UNAIDS, people living with HIV/AIDS understand their situation better therefore their voices could be heard well if their needs were presented by people in the same situation, (www.unaids.org). In the Zambia study, with supportive structures, the professionals living with HIV/AIDS are in a better position to advocate for people accessing services. Baum, (2008:550) claims that advocacy involving public health practitioners is an effective way of influencing structural barriers in public health. Both the biomedical and lay perspective approaches to health, healing and prevention of HIV/AIDS and stigma have both benefits and limitations. There is therefore the need for holistic approaches that collaborates both models for HIV/AIDS and stigma interventions to be effective. HIV/AIDS has claimed a lot of lives and continues to claim more; through collective action of the societies and the national structures the epidemic could be controlled.

Carefully Reherse The Reasoning That Leads To The Paradox Of The Raven :: essays research papers

Carefully rehearse the reasoning that leads to the Paradox of the Ravens. Is there a satisfactory conclusion? Throughout the scientific history of the world there have been many changes in the way we think, in the way we perceive the world to work. Indeed theories that were held as unshakably true in the past now seem laughable, for example the theory that the universe revolved around the Earth was deemed true by all of the scholarly community of the time, until Galileo came along and proved otherwise. Such changes in thought have lead people to be a little more cautious before giving commitment to certain scientific theories incase ten or fifteen years on the are proven to be wrong. In at least some areas of science evidence is often fragmentary and inconclusive, therefore it would of benefit to be able to say more about the degree to which a given piece of evidence supports a given theory. In short to develop a quantitative account of the relationship between evidence and theory. Philosophy has sought to do this under the heading ‘confirmation theory’. They have tried understa nding to what extent various bodies of evidence ‘confirm’ different theories. They do this so that if we know a piece of evidence highly confirms a theory then we are relatively safe in believing it to be true; but should there only be a small degree of confirmation then we can moderate our trust accordingly. However, finding this intuitive notion of confirmation is not as straightforward as it may seem and one of the problems that stems from this is the Paradox of the Ravens. Starting with the assumption that there is a relationship of confirmation and that sometimes E confirms T, where E is some body of evidence and T is some theory. Then it seems logical to make the following two assumptions about confirmation: (1.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  That generalizations are confirmed by their instances. Or If E = (Fa & Ga) and T= All Fs are Gs, then E confirms T. (2.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If E confirms T, and T is logically equivalent to S, then E confirms S. At first glance these two simple statements of logic seem to be uncontentious, but they can easily be shown to generate a puzzle, as follows. (L) All ravens are black. (M) All non-black things are non-ravens. Notice that these two statements are logically equivalent. Now, take our evidence being the observation that: (I) That white thing over there is a shoe.

The Great Depression Essay -- Papers History New Deal Market Crash Ess

The Great Depression The great depression hit the nation quite hard with an un-comparable feeling of instability and weakness. The United States and other nations including Europe and Great Britain were quickly affected. The depression, caused by the fall of the stock market in 1929, caused many individuals to panic and the depression was everywhere by 1932. Many people were affected by the depression. Investors, the ordinary work force and consumers sank rapidly with the panic that spread across the world. The United States tried to gain security through several attempts at restoration. With the help of president Roosevelt and his attempt to restore security with The New Deal the nation would overcome the onset crisis. The ordinary people affected by the crisis experienced many forms of mass unemployment. As the workforce began to panic the anxiety grew stronger. The stress of unemployment and anxiousness forced thus individuals to look to the government for the answers. Governments quickly responded to the anxiety by raising taxes. Which in turn only seemed to make matters worse. The United States attempts at restoring the nation with confidence failed. Some believe that the main reason being that the United States had developed an enormous economy of mass production, but the larger picture consisted of analyzing more than the mass production. Instead there was a problem arising. How would the nation survive with a population of mass production and a decrease in consumption became the main question being analyzed. As the stock market crashed and the United States economy began to as well the U.S. government began to focus on the idea of every nation for themselves. The... ... New Deal solved the depression because it didn?t, but I think that it gave the nation the fundamentals that they needed to solve their problems themselves. All that was missing was the structure and strength in the citizens themselves to reunite as a nation and not as individuals. The New Deal helped many individuals perceive these morals and values by setting the standards for economic equality, limited production, and fairness for the rich and poor and it also provided equality in the field of competition. All in which were needed to be restored. After all we did create The Pledge of Allegiance, which plainly states the fundamentals of The United States by saying we are ?One nation under god, individual with liberty and justice for all.? Meaning justice for all people in our country and resembles the unity we should all feel in our nation together as a whole

Flexibility of the Truth Essay -- Literary Analysis, Tim OBrien

"Story-truth is sometimes truer than happening-truth." (171) When most people read this quote in Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried, they think story truth is emotional truth while happening truth refers to the facts and reality. But beneath the surface we see that the truth is never actually told. No matter how you tell a story the actual truth will never be revealed. The actual truth is for our own sense of self. Throughout the story â€Å"The Lives of the Dead†, O’Brien recalls his history with Linda, his first love. â€Å"[Linda] wore a new red cap†¦very unusual.† (217) O’Brien has no idea what is going on with Linda at this point in time, but the cap is clearly hiding the truth. It is not until later, when Nick Veenhof sneakily lifted off the cap that Linda’s head is revealed with â€Å"[a] smooth, pale, translucent white.† (222) The whiteness of Linda’s head seems to be in reference to a blank slate; the purity of Linda, but more so the truth. If O’Brien wrote that her head was tan or didn’t even refer to the nature of the color of her head, then we wouldn’t have read closely into this passage. But if you continue reading, we come across this: â€Å"[t]here was a large Band-Aid at the back of her head† (222) which can be interpreted as covering up the remaining truth. From this moment on, we can assume that Linda has some sort of fatal disease and it is confirmed later in the chapter. But what we don’t know is how she got it, when she got it, why she got it (genetic or just random), or more importantly, what she is thinking throughout this process. This Band-Aid covers up the remaining answers we have from this point on about Linda. And since she does not speak because Timmy and Linda have a â€Å"pure knowing† (218) of each other, ... ...rite about Linda to rid his memory of the horridness that she went through the day her cap was removed and the visual truth came out. The truth is glorified and considered moral, but if we know that someone will not understand the truth (which happens in most cases), then we tend to bend it. But how flexible is the truth? The expression of stretching the truth is very relevant in Tim O’Brien’s case. In The Things They Carried, he knows the truth about his characters and his stories, but he stretches the truth continuously throughout his novel and especially with Linda in his dreams. He is not trying to deceive us. He is actually trying to do the opposite and try to get us to understand the truth, not so much know the truth. Understanding the truth is not overrated, it is just not fit for words or even expressions. The truth is not for anyone, but yourself.

Fahrenheit 451: the Future Isn’t Bright, It’s Burning

Fahrenheit 451: The Future Isn’t Bright, It’s Burning Censorship happens all around us, even if most don’t realize it. People always think of it as some far off concept, something that only happens in dictatorships or in Communism, such as in North Korea, but as Fahrenheit 451shows us, it is much closer to home than one might think. In it, people have become wonderfully ignorant to the world around them after the government bans books, and all other types of entertainment dissolve into flashes of sound and light, nothing more than a pit stop until the next bit of fun comes along.Guy Montag is a fireman whose job it is to burn books. He loves his job, the brightness and destruction and hunger of the fire that consumes the books. That is, until he meets a teenage girl named Clarisse who is strange to him, a girl who thinks for herself. She and Montag walk home and she talks of everything, her family, how she thinks, how the world is always going to fast, and then a t the end, she asks a question that makes Montag question his entire life: â€Å"She started up her walk. Then she seemed to remember something and came back to look at him with wonder and curiosity. Are you happy? † she said. † (Bradury, 10) After that, Montag’s eyes are suddenly opened far wider than ever before. He starts to see things in a different light, even his wife, Mildred. He starts to see how empty and ignorant she is, and wonders how she got that way and how he never noticed. He wonders how everyone got that way. He sees everyone is as empty as the woman he sleeps next to every night, how no one notices anything anymore except their ‘parlor walls’ and their Seashell radios. â€Å"How did we get so empty? .. Who takes it out of you? † (Bradbury, 44) he thinks after his wife cannot even remember how they met. That was when he realized he doesn’t really know his own wife. Montag thinks he loves his wife, he believes it with al l his heart, or at least he wants to. However, the more he watches her, the more he realizes she is a stranger to him, and he doesn’t know how you can love someone you’ve never truly met. He slowly figures out that his wife isn’t his at all, not really, not now that he can see.When he was blind and ignorant, he had indeed loved her, but now that he knew something of the world, she became a strange creature to him. Once Montag realizes this, he becomes slowly detached from Mildred, though he still cares for her in a strange way, and though he knows he doesn’t love her in the way he thought he did for so many years, he still wants to believe he does. He still wants to pretend. When he leaves her after burning Beatty and the city is bombed, he still cries for her. He loves her even as he feels nothing.In Fahrenheit 451, Bradbury paints a picture of humanity and society that is far too painstakingly true. Most people are happier in their ignorance than they c ould ever be with knowledge, even as that ignorance slowly kills them. Slowly, people are caring less and less about books and and learning and more and more about the next big thing, zooming from one distraction to the next. Eventually, Bradbury’s book will become a reality for us all, and it too will burn in the piles. Works Cited Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: Del Rey Books, 1991. Print.

Oil/Gas Pipelines: Opportunities and Challenges

Oil has become the most in-demand product in the world. It has become the center of round-table discussions, and never that a single day passed without it being on the news. Decrease in its supply could mean the downfall of nations, especially the industrialized ones. This was evident in three world oil crises in 1973, 1979, and a brief one in 1990, which reversed the flow of money, making the oil-producing countries in the Middle East the vital force that could change the direction of the future of the world. Their cut-offs in production led to the creation of policies and rules on consumption, saving, and independence from oil.A nation, controlling the production, selling, and over-all management of oil, is assured of a significant posting in any field of the world’s lifestyle, but most importantly in politics and economics (Tanter, 2007). To become something like this, a nation should invest in ways on how to transport oil from its sources to its consumers, like the creatio n of networks of pipelines.Research and development projects have been carried out and continuously be done to meet the challenges in connection with oil and gas pipelines. One of these is the continuing drive to discover more oil and gas reserves locked under the earth or offshore. There are still many places in the planet that need to be explored. Even the most extreme environments should be included, like what they did to the North Sea.Designing and manufacturing pipes will still emerge as one of the important factors in the realm of oil and gas pipelines. Through the years, designs have been continuously improved to accommodate several factors like environment, and the nature of oil and gas. Researchers now consider the direct relationship of the size of the diameter of the pipe with the flow capacity of the product. Moreover, they also examine the expansion and contraction of pipes during the transportation of oil and gas due to significant temperature change, which could resul t to cracks, collapse tensions, and other similar effects. Materials will continuously be tested to determine the best for pipes. Though steel is already being used, improvements are still being done to test durability. Stresses and fractures, especially offshore projects, should be accounted for to minimize the percentage of failure. Cathodic protection against corrosion should be upheld to the highest level to assure the survivability of the pipes throughout the project.Terrorism attacks on pipelines will remain one of the most feared human phenomena. This is due to the fact that whenever pipelines are bombed or attacked, industries are affected. With this, countries should strengthen their monitoring schemes to ensure the safety and zero attack on their pipelines.Keeping with the laws of nature and environment also poses great challenge to companies engaged in oil and gas pipelines. Discovery of new sites for extraction will always encounter similar scenario with the trans-Alaska crude pipeline project, which was delayed for nine years, because the construction of pipelines was attached to environmental issues (Kennedy, 1993). Environmentalists will still be around the corner to watch the movements of oil companies.A greater challenge is on the side of politics and regulation. Better policies and laws covering the construction of pipelines, and transportation of oil and gas should be enacted to cover threats and possible failure-causing movements, especially in explorations crossing two different countries. Faster approval of laws should be done to maximize the economic potentials of the discovered oil and gas reserves.The greatest challenge could be the offering of affordable price of pipelined products to consumers. Companies must take note that the advancements they make with pipe designs and manufacturing, and the entire pipeline construction and transportation project, should go at par with the purchasing power of consumers, who are directly affected b y any oil price hike.Since the drilling of the first commercial oil well in 1859 in Pennsylvania, the evolution of pipelines has gone a long way, though remaining as the most economical way (Kennedy, 1993). Oil and gas pipelines are efficient, using only 4% of the energy content of the transported product. This is far better in comparison with other modes of transportation like water, rail, and trucks (Dykesteen & Frantzen, 1991).Higher levels of technology give way for the development of better pipes and more sophisticated pipeline networks. These could yield higher efficiency rate and better service for the people, who basically need the product in their everyday living.The construction of country’s own pipelines could spell independence from importing oil and gas from foreign countries. This could also alleviate problems on oil crisis, and cut-off on importation rate. This could consequently clip the country to economic prosperity because of the removal of the burdens of o il importation.Pipelines transport oil, and natural gas from extracting wells located in the different parts of the globe, including the most hostile areas like Alaska and Siberia. These products are then refined, and prepared for consumption by all citizens in all corners of the world. These products when properly used could continuously fuel the economic progress of any country involved with it.References:CBC News Online. 2006. The price of oil – in context. Retrieved 29 June 2007. http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/oil/.Dykesteen, E & K Frantzen. 1991. Multiphase Fraction Meter Developed and Field Tested. Oil & Gas Journal. 18 February 1991: 50.Kennedy, JL. 1993. Oil And Gas Pipeline Fundamentals. 2nd ed. Oklahoma: PennWell Books.Tanter, R. 2007. Pipeline Politics: Oil, Gas and the US Interest in Afghanistan. Znet. Retrieved 29 June 2007. http://www.zmag.org/tanteroil.htm.Tobin, J. 2006. Additions on the Capacity of the US Natural Gas Pipeline Network: 2005. Energy Informat ion Administration, Office of Oil and Gas. Retrieved 29 June 2007. http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/feature_articles/2006/ngpipeline/ngpipeline.pdf.

Palestine vs. Israel

Palestinians deserve to have peace after what had happened in Gaza, I mean, who would dare hurt the people and the earth itself. It's causing agony to the Palestinians when they did nothing but willing to share, however the Hams were involved in payback towards the Israel's which is probably a smart idea for them. Although, what the Hams did to get revenge was Just thoughtless of what they did because first they are unprepared to defend their area. And their area is beneath, down in the basement with no secure at all.What's depressing of all is hearing and seeing innocent children get killed by a bomb that was not smart of the Israel's. Recently, they shot a bomb at an elementary school where hundreds or thousands of children died and it was Just truly Especially for the littlest ones who are scared out of their wits! I can't even imagine the danger that is going on and â€Å"if I were to† experience a â€Å"life or death† situation, it would be terrifying. Also, within my soul; I can feel the excruciating pain from the Palestinians because of the sympathy I have ND it's as well as I should say that I AM one of THEM!What irks me the most are the people who are Just watching the torturous event happen which is dumb not do take a stand for what is obviously right and I honestly wish I can do something, but at age fifteen I appear to be too young (Yet, I did not say that I won't do anything when clearly I will as I get older, but the simplest thing that I can do is write a heartfelt letter to the people of this world and for them to briefly be inspired by it as I will too) o do anything extraordinary by changing the Middle East into peace between Israel and Palestine.I do BELIEVE that I can definitely transform the negativity energy with a much positive aspect for the people who need It and deserve It. There will be a chance to spread the Word that Is needed to be HEARD In order to bring PEACE for our people In the Middle EAST of a Land that will soo n be called (In my opinion) â€Å"Plasterer† as an official name. Everything Is possible If the World gathers together to unite!! Palestine vs. Israel Palestinians deserve to have peace after what had happened in Gaza, I mean, who would dare hurt the people and the earth itself. It's causing agony to the Palestinians when they did nothing but willing to share, however the Hams were involved in payback towards the Israel's which is probably a smart idea for them. Although, what the Hams did to get revenge was Just thoughtless of what they did because first they are unprepared to defend their area. And their area is beneath, down in the basement with no secure at all.What's depressing of all is hearing and seeing innocent children get killed by a bomb that was not smart of the Israel's. Recently, they shot a bomb at an elementary school where hundreds or thousands of children died and it was Just truly Especially for the littlest ones who are scared out of their wits! I can't even imagine the danger that is going on and â€Å"if I were to† experience a â€Å"life or death† situation, it would be terrifying. Also, within my soul; I can feel the excruciating pain from the Palestinians because of the sympathy I have ND it's as well as I should say that I AM one of THEM!What irks me the most are the people who are Just watching the torturous event happen which is dumb not do take a stand for what is obviously right and I honestly wish I can do something, but at age fifteen I appear to be too young (Yet, I did not say that I won't do anything when clearly I will as I get older, but the simplest thing that I can do is write a heartfelt letter to the people of this world and for them to briefly be inspired by it as I will too) o do anything extraordinary by changing the Middle East into peace between Israel and Palestine.I do BELIEVE that I can definitely transform the negativity energy with a much positive aspect for the people who need It and deserve It. There will be a chance to spread the Word that Is needed to be HEARD In order to bring PEACE for our people In the Middle EAST of a Land that will soo n be called (In my opinion) â€Å"Plasterer† as an official name. Everything Is possible If the World gathers together to unite!!

Sling Blade

Growing up as a child for Karl was hard. His parents were abusive, being so young and naive he did not know any better. Karl parents also made him do horrific things, such as giving him his baby brother and telling him to get rid of it. After Karl spending several years in a hospital institution because he killed his mother and her boyfriend. Karl is let loose. Despite all of the events that happen in his childhood and life, he turned out to be a humble, kind and gentle person. Karl will now begin his new life in the world. While out in the new world Karl meets a little boy name Frank. Karl helps him with his laundry bags carrying them for him home. Karl is placed in a world where he is confused and has no sense of direction where to go. He has no family besides his dad, but does not seem to want to visit him. Karl owns nothing but three books, the clothing on his back and has nowhere to stay. Gerry Karl’s doctor finds Karl a job fixing mechanic equipment, which allowed him to live there also. Karl goes back to visit Frank and meet his mom Linda and her boyfriend Doyle. Later on Karl moves in with them. Doyle Hargrave is a disrespectable person, who lacks the ability to be a father figure to Frank. He puts his friends down, curses and fights with Linda all the time. He has no remorse for nothing he does. Karl tries to keep Frank in line when he often says â€Å"I wish Doyle was dead† or curses and encourages him. Karl becomes Frank’s role model. Learning about Frank’s hatred towards Doyle, Karl is willing to sacrifice his freedom to save Frank. Doyle permanently moves in with Linda and will now pay the bills. In other words he is in charge and so he asks Karl to leave. Karl has been a role model for Frank and considers Frank special to him. Karl is also brave enough to stand up to Doyle when he attempts to lay his hands on Frank. Now that Karl is leaving Frank will forever be unhappy. It seems as if Doyle will never change his ways and Frank might end up getting hurt. Karl fixes the laundry machine so that Frank’s burden is lightened instead of him struggling with laundry bag

Personal&Professional Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal&Professional Development - Essay Example I should not wait for a prompt to do action. I should be able to initiate it especially if I want my team to do the same. Creating an action plan for both myself and for my team will clearly guide everyone of the expected outcomes and there is no excuse to just wait for the others and waste time. As a manager, I should be aware not only of my own learning style but that of my team members’ so we can figure out a way to work together better. Learning Style (Honey & Mumford 1986) Reflective Practice (Schon 1983) Stages of Reflection (Moon 1999) Interpersonal Interaction Managing Conflicts I come from a very peace-loving family. We get to resolve our personal issues quickly. However, stepping into the real world entails knowing how to adapt to various personalities and being able to manage the conflicts that may inevitably crop up. I am inconsistent in my competence in handling conflicts, and that depends on the gravity of the issue and the strength of the personalities and the p ositions of the people involved. A manager needs know how to establish and maintain harmonious relationships with diverse people and groups. He possesses high emotional intelligence, maturity and understanding of people coming from various backgrounds and temperaments. To quote Buckingham & Coffman (1999) again, â€Å"The key to excellent performance, of course, is finding the match between your talents and your role.† A manager should know how to blend the talents and personalities of his team. Mastering such combinations will result in excellent performance of the whole team. Styles of Managing Interpersonal Conflict (Ruble & Thomas 1976) First, break all the rules: What the world's greatest managers do differently. (Buckingham & Coffman, 1999) Strategies and techniques for self-development Reflective Thinking From my youth, I have come to value self-introspection. I always analyze the things I have done, have said and have felt and thought to be lessons for me to learn fro m. This greatly helps me in my next moves. Most of the time when I do reflect on my actions, I come up with the right outcomes. As for my weaknesses, I need to keep reflecting on my performance to know where I need improvement on. My self-evaluation will help me identify these weaknesses and turn them into strengths. I know I am continuously evolving, and self-actualization is my goal. I need to be able to encourage my team members to likewise be more reflective in their tasks as this leads to good planning and foresight necessary in accomplishing goals successfully. Reflective Practice (Schon 1983) Stages of Reflection (Moon 1999) Learning Cycle (Kolb 1984) Personal leadership approaches Empowerment I am known to be an encourager and people have told me I have the ability to bring out the best in them. This may be due to the positive disposition I have that I mostly focus on the goodness and the potentials of people instead of their flaws. I, myself would want to be led by someone who inspires me to be better and not to settle for mediocrity. I believe that a manager should be an enabler. He sees the potentials of the people under him and harnesses their strengths. People may manifest varying degrees of greatness. The manager sees

Gulfstream G650 Program Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Gulfstream G650 Program - Research Paper Example The airline industry is growing rapidly in the globalised business environment.With advancement of technology,modes of transportation have improved significantly.In the global village,transportation and communications occupies a key position in the business front as well as in the personal lives of individuals. Hence, the private jet sector is expanding rapidly. A number of companies are competing steeply with one another in the international market. In this paper, the case of Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation has been presented with reference to the benefits accrued to the company by adopting activity based costing strategies. The research design provides an overview of the pattern of research made in this paper. Research design is the basic framework that is used to collect information and evidence for exploring the research question (Bryman & Bell, 2007). In this research, the deductive approach to research has been adopted, in which the researcher studies theories existing on the benefits of activity based costing and verifies them by testing them in the context of a selected airline company.Secondary data for the study has been collected from existing sources, such as newspapers, magazine articles and company annual reports published in the print media as well as on the internet. It has also been explored in this paper whether the company would benefit by using standard costs and its consequence in international business scenario. This paper also provides an over view on how decision making in the firm is affected by these approach to measure costs. The factors that encourage incorporation of standard cost in the company’s costing structure have been discussed. Implications of standard cost on price variance and quantity variance have been explored. Benefits of expansion, consolidation and downsizing for the firm have been explained in the paper. Finally, it has been discussed how the firm might benefit by implementing the relevant method of costing in its future projects. Company background Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation is one leading airlines service provider in the United States. It is a subsidiary firm of General Dynamics (Gulfstream, 2012). Gulfstream is one segment of the parent company; the four main segments of the company are aerospace, marine systems, combat systems and information systems and technology. Gulfstream designs, develops, manufactures and sells some of the most technologically-advanced jet aircrafts (Gulfstream, 2012). The aircrafts are designed for both commercial and also defense purposes. Besides innovating, designing and manufacturing their own vehicles, the company also has pre-owned aircrafts that it lets out to customers for contract ownership. The company has its headquarters in Virginia, but operates in several countries across the world. Some of the best skills and talents from different countries are possessed by Gulfstream. More than 11,500 people employees work with Gulfstream in 11 locati ons in different countries. The company is a market leader in all the segments in which it operates. Gulfstream has reached this position by following a disciplined approach towards growth. The company has developed its profile very carefully and selected its product and service portfolio in sync with its target markets. It

Ethical Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Assessment - Essay Example Hence, practically speaking the onus to retain ethical integrity in the health care is primarily confined to the ability of an executive to resort to ethical words and actions during the course of one’s duty (Kultgen, 1988, p. 7). Considering that the professional ethical standards contrived by the bodies like ACHE do continue to serve as the standards following which, a health care executive could chalk one’s course. It goes without saying that the Code of Ethics constituted by the ACHE does serve a viable standard as per which the executives could assess one’s ethical credentials (American College of Healthcare Executives, 2012). In my personal capacity I believe that this ACHE Code of Ethics furnishes to me a touch stone going by which I could assess my individual role as a professional, especially more so when my role is directly linked to my identity and capacity as a health care executive. I emphatically hold that the availability of ethical standards do ma ke way for the inculcation of the values like human dignity and human welfare at the health care facilities and do make the health care more equitable, efficient and accessible. The ACHE Code of Ethics do pragmatically enables me as an executive in being true to my commitments to the patients, my colleagues, the organization which I serve, the society and the larger statutory and state guidelines and rules that govern the healthcare in the United States of America. The ethical assessment undertaken by me not only extended to me ample encouragement regarding the ethical spheres regarding which I was upright, but also furnished to me much insights regarding the aspects where I was unaware or perhaps deficient. While being involved with this assessment I do realized that I make it a point to conduct myself professionally while being in consonance with the values like fairness, integrity and honesty (Montefiore & Vines, 1999). I make it a point to assure that all my decisions and action s do tend to be in consonance with the statutory and legal guidelines and norms (Montefiore & Vines, 1999). I do have in place a personal program aimed at a realistic self assessment and a continual up gradation of my proficiency and skills. Besides, I never tend to be biased and unrealistic in my expectations from others. To continue my professional education I am right now pursuing a Masters program for mha/msn. I never tend to exploit my professional relations or position to accrue unwarranted advantages or favors. Yes, I do believe that it is imperative for an executive to divulge one’s financial or other conflicts of interest (Montefiore & Vines, 1999). Though, actually speaking, I had never been in the need to comply by this code, I do believe in its validity and relevance. I make it a point to never to misuse the confidence placed in me by others in a professional capacity. Yes, I do sometimes get a bit misplaced in the context of this ethical code. In a futuristic con text, I do believe that it is worthwhile to ask for the advice of someone who is not involved in the situation I face to get a better perspective. It is always my intention to carry myself in a way that bolsters and enhances the dignity and image of my profession. I also realized that I am quite aware of my responsibilities towards the patients. It is always my intention to continually access and gauge the quality and standards of health care services being accorded to the patients

Seisin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Seisin - Essay Example This enabled different people to access seized property while away in pilgrimage or crusade, without necessarily having the idea of the right of ownership (Harold p 313). In chapter 2, according to Magna Carta, the legal concept of seisin of barons or earls in the chief by the military service, at the time of death owes relief. The notion of seisin inheritance develops by the old shelter from which the heirs of a Knight owes less according to ancient custom fees on seisin land. Moreover, in chapter 4, the guardian of the seisin land, takes reasonable customs, services and produce from the heir of the earth (Batten p 104). In contrast, destruction or waste of goods and men, committed toward ship of the lands and any other minor to the sheriff responsible for issues, determines two discreet men of fee. Besides, the sale of wardship of land to anyone that makes destruction or waste losses wardship and the land transferred to lawful and discreet men of a fief. According to Chapter 12, the legal concept of seisin does not impose on any kingdom, unless directed by a joint council of the kingdom. However, the difference develops for individual cases such as ransoming, that makes the eldest son in the country a knight. The marrying of the eldest daughter in the country levies a reasonable aid in different cities such as London. Chapter 16, allows anyone to enjoy the benefits of seisin, and no one distrains the chance of greater service for knight’s fee in seisin land (Edgeworth, Brendan, Neave & Ronald p 267). In Magna Carta, chapter 18, the inquest of novel disseizing and darrein presentment does not hold anywhere than their own county courts, in solving cases based on seisin (Makdisi p 29). These forces were chief justifies sending two justifiers in every county four times a year. The justifies with four knights of the county chosen by the county hold assizes in the county court in the place of meeting within the court. Chapter 39

The Buying Patterns of the Consumers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Buying Patterns of the Consumers - Essay Example When flaws in this approach became apparent, during the mid-1990s, the focus shifted towards product orientation, which urged the marketers to spend all their resources in perfecting the quality of their products. The next ideology shift during the late 1970s brought the selling orientation, which preached the idea that in order to ensure sales and profits, companies should follow highly aggressive sales strategies (Lancaster & Massingham, 2010, p. 20).   Nevertheless, all these ideologies were stepping stones in allowing marketers to come up with the marketing innovation, which puts customers at the top of everything which the motto, â€Å"a customer is always right†. Marketing approach urges marketers and companies not to engage in â€Å"hunting† but â€Å"gardening†. Marketers agree that â€Å"make and sell† strategy is extremely short-sighted and today, in order to succeed, companies need to follow a â€Å"sense and respond† strategy. Organisations should not put in all their efforts to find the right customers for their products, but the focus should be on finding the right products for your customers (Solomon, 2006, p. 370).   More importantly, in order to find right products for your customers, you first need to have a thorough understanding of the needs and wants of your customers. Only when businesses have the proper knowledge about the buying patterns of their consumers, they can sustain their revenues and ensure that they rank high in terms of customer satisfaction.

Information Security Management ( Study Case ) Essay

Information Security Management ( Study Case ) - Essay Example Charlie must adopt some personal strategy to make top management realize the need and significance of information technology in their firm. He must explain them the benefits of adopting information security by comparing their firm with other firms. b) The most important advice to Iris: The most important advice is to make the top management understand the need for information security. From the illustration, it is understood that Random Widget Works gives the least priority to information security. Making the management understand its importance will let the management take initiatives for framing new policies and allocating ample resources to give security to data and information. C5 a) Confidential Information Confidential Information denotes the documents that should not be shared with anyone outside the organization. Example Documents that can be classified â€Å"Confidential’ Strategic Planning Document Technical documents Information about clients Sensitive Information: Sensitive Information denotes the set of documents that require special attention and have to be prevented from unauthorized access, use or disclosure. Sensitive information can be either confidential or public. However, a high level of integrity is to be maintained in case of sensitive information (chapter 5). ... These documents are issued exclusively released with the intention of giving the public some information about the company. Example Documents that can be classified â€Å"Public† Profit and loss account statement Balance sheet statement Registration details of the company b) Label scheme to associate with classification system: The security labels are a must for all documents in order to get security clearance. Any security label has the following four components. Security Policy. Classification. Categories Privacy Mark There are different labeling schemes followed by different organizations. However, for Random Widget works, the following schemes would be helpful. Confidential information: Confidential documents must be bound with white cover, with the text â€Å"CONFIDENTIAL†, stamped diagonally across the document in red color. Sensitive Information: Sensitive information has to be covered with white wrapper with the text â€Å"SENSITIVE† stamped diagonally ac ross the document in yellow color. Public Information: Public documents may or may not have stamps labeled on them. However, a green color stamp will let the user easily identify that the document could be released for public use. C6 a) Incident or Disaster? The current occurrence was just an â€Å"Incident† as per Iris’s point of view. According to our case, both Joel and Harry had saved their documents and sent ‘to the print server. There were 80% chances of recovery of data. This would have been called a â€Å"disaster†, if there were no chances of recovery of data. Had it been a disaster Iris would have delegated responsibilities to Harry and Joel. Recovery of data holds great significance in organizations as most of the data are confidential and contains secure information that can cause a disaster

Employees' Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employees' Benefits - Essay Example This study suggests â€Å"Leverage the power of the leading stock plan administration technology Our Full Service Plan Administration solution is delivered through our proprietary web technology, Shareworks† (Share Works Premier 2010 par 2).The employer can establish new plans like incentive plans, savings and investment plans. Employees are the most important assets of an organization, who are the pillars which support the organization and without an organization cannot operate its business therefore, Use of web-based technology will help the Microsoft to re-establish stock purchase plan in a better way which will be helpful for the organization to sustain and motivate its employees, web technology will also help the organization to improve its administration and will allow the employees to stay updated about current and upcoming incentive plans (Beam and McFadden, 2001). Introduction of new plans will motivate the employees to work efficiently and these new plans will cover the loss of employee stock purchase plan to employees and will provide more investments option to employees, so introduction of new plans will allow employees to reduce the investment risk by diversifying the portfolio through investing in other investment and savings plans. Investment and saving plans generally provide a sense of ownership in the firm, these plans will definitely boost up employees motivation and their loyalty towards their organization, Microsoft then be able to retain its efficient and productive workers. Microsoft should also increase its existing plans such as increasing the discount percentage on employee stock purchase plan; it will improve the current working conditions of employees and will help the organization to provide employees with improved working environment, researches have shown that improving existing incentive plans will increase the motivational level of employees and it increases organization’s performance as well. The company should al so devise new incentive plans and rewards, new incentive plans to the efficient workers will be helpful for the organizations to get best out of their employees in return; whereas organization should introduce new awards and should make sure that those employees who are doing well and meeting their targets should be appraised and rewarded in front of everyone, it makes sure that management cares about them and notices their every effort made for the well-being of the organization. New incentive plans will provide a new opportunity to employees for self-improvement and for enhancing their living style (Martocchio, 2010). Use of web technology will also allow the organization to provide detailed information about plans to the employees that will increase clarity and transparency; it will help the employees to understand offered plans in a better way. Clarity and transparency reflects the mirror image of an organization, so basically it eliminates or minimizes doubts regarding the imag e of the organization, it will help employees to stay clear about plans and will definitely increase employees’ strive towards achieving those incentives and rewards that will eventually increase organizational productivity and performance (Medina, 2006). Web technology will also help the organization to manage the reward system in an efficient way, so that deserving employees won’t get de-motivated and will be rewarded timely. Use of web technology will decrease the administrative cost of the organization, will allow the organization to better utilize its capital on incentive plans offered to employees. Employees work for some compensation and they always need a pay back for their efforts not only in terms of basic salary but in shape of extra benefits as well. Extra